ABE abessive case (AKA caritive case or privative case: 'without') ABL ablative case ('from') ABS absolutive case ACC accusative case ACCOM accompanier ACT active voice, actor role ( in role and reference grammar ADJ adjective ADE adessive case ('at'; more specific than LOC) ADM admonitive mood (warning) ADV adverb(ial), adverbial case AFF affirmative AGT agentive case (cf ACT) AGR agreement ALLA allative case ('to') ALLOC allocutive agreement ALIEN alienable possession ALQ alternative quantifier ANI animate gender (cf R) ANDA andative (going towards: cf venitive) ANTR anterior tense (used for PRF in some traditions) ANTE antessive case ('before') ANTIC anticausative ANTIP antipassive voice AOR aorist (= PFV or PST.PFV) APP apposition APPL applicative voice APPR apprehensive mood APRX approximative ARTI article ASP aspect ASSU assumptive mood, assertive ASQ assertive quantifier ATT attenuative; attributive (= ATTR) ATEL atelic aspect AUD auditory evidential AUG augmentative AUX auxiliary verb BE 'be' verb (a conflation of EXIST and COP) BEN benefactive case ('for') COG common gender CAP (cap)ability, modal case CAUS causative CENTI centric case CF counterfactual conditional CIRC circumfix CIT citation form CLF classifier CNJ conjunction (= CONJ) CNSQ consequential COL collective plural COM comitative case ('together with') COMP comparative; complementizer COMPL completive aspect CONC concessive COND conditional mood CONJ conjunction (= CNJ) CONN connective particle CONT continuative aspect CNTR contrastive COP copula COR coreference CRAS crastinal tense ('tomorrow') CRS current relevance marker (as in the perfect) CVB converb DAT dative case DE different event, change of event (cf DS) DECL declarative mood DEF definite DEIX deixis, deictic DEL delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later) DEL delative case ('off of'), deliberative mood DEM demonstrative DEO deontic mood DEP dependent (as in DEP.FUT) DEPC dependent-clause DESI desiderative mood DEST destinative aspect DET determiner DETR detransitive DH motion downhill, seaward (cf DR) DIM diminutive DIR direct evidential (= EXP); directional (= LAT); direct case DISJ disjunction DIST distal demonstrative DISTR distributive case DITR ditransitive DLM delimited DM discourse marker DO direct object DR motion downriver (cf DH) DS different-subject (change of subject) marker (cf DE) DU dual number DUB dubitative mood DUR durative aspect, continuous aspect DYAD dyadic DYN dynamic aspect ELA elative case ('out of') ELQ elective quantifier EMP emphatic EPIS epistemic mood, epistemic modality ERG ergative case ESS essive case EVID evidential EVIT evitative case (= aversive case) EXCL exclusive person EXCLAM exclamative EXDUR excessive duration EXESS exessive case EXH exhortative EXIST existential ('there is') EXO exocentric case EXPER experiential, eyewitness, = direct evidential EXPL expletive (dummy / meaningless form) EXQ existential quantifier FEM feminine gender FACT factive evidential FAM familiar register (as the T–V distinction) FIN finite verb FOC focus FORM formal register (as the T–V distinction) FP final particle (joshi) FREQ frequentative aspect FMR former, deceased FUT future tense GEN genitive case GER gerund GNO gnomic (generic) aspect GT goal trigger (Austronesian; = GV goal voice) HAB habitual aspect HBL humble register HEST hesternal tense ('yesterday') HIST historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense HOD hodiernal tense ('today') HON honorific HORT hortative, HSY hearsay, reported evidential HUM human, anthropic gender (cf. HBL; R) HYP hypothetical mood ID identical (~ NID) IDENTIF identifiable IDEO ideophone (≈ MIM) IGNOR ignorative ILLA illative case ('into') IMM immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense IMP imperative mood IMPERF imperfect (= PST.IPFV) IMPREC imprecative mood IMPRS impersonal verb INCL inclusive person INAL inalienable possession INAN inanimate gender INCHO inchoative aspect, inceptive aspect INCL inclusive person (= IN) IND indicative mood NDEF indefinite INE inessive case ('in') INF infinitive INFER inferential evidential INEL inelative case ('from within') INS instrumental case INT intensifier; interrogative (= Q) INTEN intentional INTR intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) INV inverse IO indirect object IPFV imperfective aspect (= NPFV) IRR irrealis mood IS indirect speech ITER iterative aspect JUS jussive mood L2 second language (code-switching) LAT lative case (= MVMT, direction) LD locative case + directional LK linker LOC locative case (includes essive case) LOG logophoric MASC masculine gender MAN manner MID middle voice MIM mimetic (≈ IDEO) MIR (ad)mirative MLTP multiplicative case MOD mood, modal, modal case MOM single action verb (not iterative) MVT movement NEUT neuter gender NEG negation, negative NEQ negatory quantifier NH non-human NOMI nominalizer/nominalization NOM nominative case NS non-subject (Latin 'oblique case') INTR intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) NUM numeral O patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb (= P) ORD ordinal number OBJ object; objective case OBL oblique case OBV obviative OPT optative mood PART participle (= PTCP,PCP); particle (= PTCL); partitive case (= PTV) PAS passive voice PAT patientive (= UND) PAU paucal number PEG pegative case (a special case for the giver) PER perlative case ('per', using) PERF perfect (= RET) PERS personal PFV perfective aspect PL plural PLUR pluractional PM phrase marker, predicate marker PRO pronoun PO primary object POL polite register POSC possessed case POSS possessive marker POST postposition, postpositional case POSTE postessive case ('after') POT potential mood (a possible conditional) PP past / passive participle PPP past passive participle PPFV past perfective PR proper noun PRED predicative PREC precative mood (requests) PREP preposition, prepositional case PRESP present participle PRET preterite (= PFV.PST) PERF perfect (= RET) PRIV privative case PRES present tense PROB probability PROG progressive aspect PROH prohibitive mood ('don't!') PROL prolative case (= VIA) PROP propositive mood PROS prosecutive case ('across', 'along') PROSP prospective aspect PROT protasis PROX proximal/proximate PST past tense PT patient trigger PTCL particle PTCP participle PTV partitive case ('some of') PURP purposive Q question word or particle (= INT) QUOT quotative case or mood (marks quoted speech) R rational gender (thinking beings) REAL realis mood REC recent past tense RECP reciprocal voice REF referential REFL reflexive voice REL relative(izer) REM remote past tense REP reported evidential (= HSY); repetitive (cf ITER) RES resultative; resumptive RET retrospective (synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions) RFR referential SBJ subject SBJV subjunctive mood SE same event (cf SS) SEM semelfactive aspect ('once') SENS sensory evidential mood (= VIS+AUD SEQ sequential SG singular (but 1.SG = 1s, 3MASC.SG = 3ms) SGV singulative number SIM simultaneous aspect; similative SPEC specifier; speculative mood SS same-subject marker (cf SE) STAT stative aspect, stative verb SU subject SUBORD subordinator SUBE subessive case ('under') SUBL sublative case ('onto', 'down onto') SUC successive ('then') SUPL superlative (SUPL); supine; supplicative SUPE superessive case ('on') TAM tense, aspect, or mood TEL telic aspect (cf PFV) TEMP temporal case TERM terminative case TNS tense TOP topic TRANS transitive verb, transitive case (rare) TRANSL translative case (becoming) TRI trial number TRN trans-numeral (neither SG nor PL) TVF truth-value focus U uninflected UH motion uphill, inland (cf UR) UND undergoer role (cf PAT) UNQ universal quantifier UR motion upriver (cf UH) USIT usitative VB verb(al) VBZ verbalizer VD verb, ditransitive VEN venitive (coming towards; cf andative) VER veridical, veridical mood (a certain conditional) VIA vialis case VIS visible, visual VI verb, intransitive VN verbal noun VOC vocative case VOL volitive mood VT verb, transitive WHQ wh- question ZO zoic gender (animals)